“EMDR therapy was determined to be an effective treatment of trauma.” American Psychiatric Association (2004). Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Acute Stress Disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Acute Stress Disorder and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association Practice Guidelines.

“EMDR therapy was placed in the “A” category as “strongly recommended” for the treatment of trauma.” Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense (2004). VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Post-Traumatic Stress. Washington, D

About EMDR Therapy

EMDR is an acronym for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and is a technique that helps people resolve their stuck feelings and distressing symptoms (including performance issues, depression, nightmares, fears, anxiety, panic disorder, eating disorders, health concerns, medical trauma, self-defeating habits, insomnia, sexual & emotional abuse issues and relationship problems). EMDR therapy uses bilateral stimulation, right/left eye movement, or tactile stimulation, which repeatly activates the opposite sides of the brain, releasing emotional experiences that are “trapped” in the nervous system. This assists the neurophysiological system, the basis of the mind/body connection, to free blockages and reconnect itself.  As troubling images and feelings are processed by the brain via the eye-movement patterns of EMDR, resolution of the issues and a more peaceful state are achieved.

EMDR is the most researched of the power therapies (Somatic Experiencing SE, Advanced Integrative Therapy, Emotional Freedom Technique EFT, Thought Field Therapy TFT, Brainspotting BSP, Energy Testing and others), and has validation by the American Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the Department of Defense and the Veteran’s Administration, when it comes to treatments for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, or PTSD.  EMDR is now successfully used for performance enhancement and to perform in high stress situations such as:

• Participating in competitive activities
• Public speaking and presentations
• Undergoing job interviews
• Taking standardized tests such as SAT’s and professional examinations, etc
• Performing in artistic and creative performances

People who have participated in performance enhancement therapy such as competitive athletes and performers often report that they felt much more self-confident and in control and that their ability to perform was greatly enhanced.

How does EMDR therapy for trauma and PTSD work?

The therapist works gently with the client and asks him/her to revisit the traumatic moment or incident, recalling feelings surrounding the experience, as well as any negative thoughts, feelings and memories. The more intensely the client focuses on the memory, the easier it becomes for the memory to come to life. As quick and vibrant images arise during the therapy session, they are processed by the eye movements or tactile stimulation resulting in painful feelings being exchanged for more loving, peaceful and resolved feelings.  EMDR therapy can help clients replace their anxiety and fear with positive images, emotions and thoughts.

Similar to many forms of psychotherapy, the exact mechanism for the effectiveness of EMDR is yet unknown.  It appears that using rapid eye movements or bilateral tactile stimulation relieves the anxiety associated with the trauma so that the original event can be examined from a more detached perspective, somewhat like watching a movie of what happened. Some experts have noted that the eye movements involved in EMDR might be similar to what occurs naturally during dreaming or REM (rapid eye movement) sleep.  Others believe it reactivates parts of the brain that were “shut down” as a coping mechanism. In this way cognitive reorganizing takes place, allowing the negative, painful emotions to give way to more resolved, empowered feelings.

EMDR does not require the client to go into detail about the distressing events of the past. Unlike many “talk” therapies, there is no need to analyze the trauma for long periods of time. The trauma that must be re-experienced during treatment is relatively short-lived. EMDR was created for use as a trauma therapy and as such focuses on intensely stressful subjects. Why is this essential to healing? Because our mind and body are one. Trauma resides in the body and the mind both emotionally and physically. Eye movements, as well as sound or touch release the part of the brain that contains the trapped trauma. Results are lasting and EMDR treatment reduces symptoms fast. At the time of a traumatic event, strong emotions interfere with our ability to completely process the experience and one moment becomes “frozen in time.”  When activated, these memories ranging from minor to major traumas, cause a negative impact on our daily functioning and interfere with the way we see ourselves, our world and how we relate to others.  EMDR therapy appears to directly alter the brain, allowing the individual to resume normal functioning while no longer reliving the images, sounds, and feelings associated with the trauma.  The memory is still there, but it is less upsetting. EMDR is most effective when used in conjunction with traditional forms of therapy to treat emotional disorders.

What problems are helped by EMDR?

The studies to date show a high degree of effectiveness with the following conditions:

• PTSD
• Fears (fear of flying, bridges, tunnels)
• Addictions
• OCD
• Chemically dependent clients
• Depression
• Managing anger problems
• Insomnia and sleep disorders
• Medical/surgical/diagnosis trauma
• Attachment disorders
• Eating disorders
• Surviving childhood abuse
• Performance and test anxiety
• Sexual abuse and/or physical abuse
• Anxiety or panic attacks
• Surviving an assault or robbery
• Surviving a rape
• Witnessing violence, victim of a crime
• Natural disaster
• Loss or injury of a loved one, injury to self
• Childhood trauma
• Rage
• Crime victims
• Surviving an accident
• Overwhelming fears
• Low self-esteem
• Unrealistic feelings of guilt and shame
• Fear of being alone
• 911 victims, police officers, firemen, rescue workers who were once overcome with violent memories
• Difficulty in trusting other
• Relationship problems

What are the symptoms that can be helped by EMDR?

• Intense anxiety and lack of motivation
• Memories of a traumatic experience
• Fear of being alone
• Unrealistic feelings of guilt and shame
• Fear of being alone
• Difficulty in trusting others
• Relationship problems
• Depression

EMDR Risks

Therapists who treat with EMDR are required to have 40 hours of approved training and practicum.  It is recommended that EMDR therapists have ongoing professional consultation with an approved EMDR consultant.  Despite these measures to ensure effectiveness and safety, potential clients should be aware that there are some risks associated with EMDR, as with any other therapy.

1. There may be a temporary increase in distress.
2. Disturbing, unresolved material may surface during the sets.
3. Clients may experience unanticipated emotional or physiological reactions.
4. Processing may continue after the client leaves the therapist’s office, though this is not necessarily a bad thing.

Less Severe Traumas

It’s not only major traumas that cause distress. The day-to-day hardships and occurrences that come with everyday living can greatly inhibit our ability to enjoy and fully participate in our lives.  EMDR is an excellent tool and has been used successfully to treat these little “t” traumas:

• Job stress
• New job anxieties
• Conflicts at home
• Conflicts at work
• Job termination
• Test anxiety
• Performance enhancement
• Self-esteem
• Road rage
• Procrastination
• Feeling “stuck”
• Habit control
• Social anxiety
• Interpersonal problems
• Divorce recovery
• Relaxation
• Writer’s block
• Artist’s block
• Life transitions
• Career and life coaching
• Motivation
• Body image issues

For more information about EMDR you can visit the EMDR Institute here.

EMDR is a therapy that is listed in the new Department of Veterans Affairs & Department of Defense Practice Guidelines ”A” category as “highly recommended” for the treatment of trauma.

It has received a high level of recommendation by the American Psychiatric Association and by the mental health departments of Israel, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, France, Sweden and more. For a full listing visit http://www.EMDRHAP.org/researchandresources.htm to learn more.

EMDR is also listed as an effective form of therapy, backed by research, on a new National Institute of Mental Health sponsored website: Check under “Adult MH Therapist for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.”

EMDR Therapy and Somatic Experiencing Techniques

All successful healing methods help people establish a connection to their body.  Those methods that do not help people connect to their body have limited, if any, success.  ~Peter Levine, PhD 

Somatic Experiencing is a form of therapy aimed at relieving and resolving the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other mental and physical trauma-related health problems by focusing on the client’s perceived body sensations (or somatic experiences). It was introduced in Dr. Peter Levine’s 1997 book “Waking the Tiger.” In it, he discusses at length his observations of animals in the wild, and how they deal with and recover from life-threatening situations. He concludes that their behavior gives us “an insight into the biological healing process” (p.98), and that “the key to healing traumatic symptoms in humans lies in our being able to mirror the fluid adaption of wild animals” (p.17-18) as they avoid traumatization in reacting to life-threatening situations. The theory postulates that the symptoms of trauma are the effect of a dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It further postulates that the ANS has an inherent capacity to self-regulate that is undermined by trauma, and that the inherent capacity to self-regulate can be restored by the procedures of Somatic Experiencing or SE.

The procedure, which is normally done in a face-to-face session similar to psychotherapy, involves a client tracking his or her own “felt-sense” experience.  The procedure is considered by its practitioners to be effective for Shock Trauma in the short term (typically one to six sessions). It is also considered effective for Developmental Trauma as an adjunct to more conventional psychotherapy that may span years. Somatic Experiencing is very effective when combined with EMDR sessions.

Somatic Experiencing attempts to promote awareness and release of physical tension that proponents believe is stored and remains in the body in the aftermath of trauma. They believe this occurs when the survival responses (which can take the form of orienting, fight, flight or freeze) of the ANS are aroused, but are not fully discharged after the traumatic situation has passed.  The process involves a guided exploration of the nature and extent of the physical dysregulation that is harbored in the body as a result of trauma.  Another idea is that the client’s experience should be “pendulated.”  ”Pendulation” refers to the movement between regulation and dysregulation. The client is helped to move to a state where he or she is believed to be somewhat dysregulated (i.e is aroused or frozen) and then helped to return to a state of regulation (loosely defined as not aroused or frozen). “Resources” are defined as anything that helps the client’s autonomic nervous system return to a regulated state.  In the face of arousal, “discharge” is facilitated to allow the client’s body to return to a regulated state. Through this process the client’s inherent capacity to self-regulate is believed to be restored.

Somatic Experiencing is considered by its practitioners to be useful for two broad categories of trauma: shock trauma and developmental trauma. Shock trauma is loosely defined as a single-episode traumatic event such as a car accident, natural disaster, battlefield incident, etc. Developmental trauma refers to various kinds of psychological damage that occur during child development when a child has insufficient attention from the primary caregivers, or an insufficiently nurturing relationship with the parent.

Hypnotherapy and EMDR

For over two hundred years the technique of hypnosis has been used in medicine to treat a wide range of physical, psychological and emotional disorders. Hypnosis is a form of treatment in which the client is deeply relaxed on a physical level, thereby allowing the individual to be mentally more alert and open to suggestion than in normal states of consciousness.  Unlike media depictions of hypnosis, the client has control over which hypnotic suggestions to act upon or reject.  During hypnotherapy, I guide clients through progressive muscle relaxation, relaxed breathing, safe place imagery and various visualizations depending on their goals for treatment.  Clients always leave sessions feeling lighter and very relaxed.  It has also long been recognized that hypnosis may successfully be combined with other approaches and techniques – for example, counseling, psychotherapy, EMDR and Reiki and other somatic therapies. Hypnosis can be successfully integrated with psychotherapy and relaxation therapy to help bring about positive change.

Hypnotherapy has the potential to help relieve the symptoms of a wide variety of diseases and conditions. It can be used independently or along with other treatments. For example, it’s one of several relaxation methods for treating chronic pain that has been approved by an independent panel convened by the National Institutes of Health.

Hypnotherapy may be used to:

• Cessation of dependencies and habits such as smoking, eating disorders, nail biting, compulsions and addictions
• Reduce or eliminate fears, stress and anxiety
• Relieve symptoms associated with many chronic medical conditions
• Lower blood pressure and calm the nervous system
• Control nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy
• Improve psychological well-being such as depression
• Achieve personal growth such as build or rebuild self-esteem, resolve relationship difficulties, enhance job or career satisfaction, improve sports performance
• Manage disorders such as phobias, panic attacks, insomnia
• Manage personal crises such as accidents or trauma, miscarriage, bereavement and divorce

History of EMDR

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy developed by psychologist Dr. Francine Shapiro.  She made the chance observation that eye movements can reduce the intensity of the disturbing thoughts when she noticed her own stress reactions diminished when her eyes swept back and forth as she walked through a park one day.  EMDR involves recalling a stressful past event and “reprogramming” the memory in the light of a positive, self-chosen belief, while using rapid eye movements to facilitate the process. Theories as to why EMDR works are still evolving, but many people have found EMDR to be extremely beneficial.

A Brief Description of EMDR Treatment:

8 PHASES OF TREATMENT

The amount of time the complete treatment will take depends upon the history of the client. Complete treatment of the targets involves a three pronged protocol (1-past memories, 2-present disturbance, 3-future actions), and are needed to alleviate the symptoms and address the complete clinical picture. The goal of EMDR therapy is to process completely the experiences that are causing problems, and to include new ones that are needed for full health. “Processing” does not mean talking about it. “Processing” means setting up a learning state that will allow experiences that are causing problems to be “digested” and stored appropriately in your brain. That means that what is useful to you from an experience will be learned, and stored with appropriate emotions in your brain, and be able to guide you in positive ways in the future. The inappropriate emotions, beliefs, and body sensations will be discarded. Negative emotions, feelings and behaviors are generally caused by unresolved earlier experiences that are pushing you in the wrong directions. The goal of EMDR therapy is to leave you with the emotions, understanding, and perspectives that will lead to healthy and useful behaviors and interactions.

Phase 1: History and Treatment Planning

Generally takes 1-2 sessions at the beginning of therapy, and can continue throughout the therapy, especially if new problems are revealed. In the first phase of EMDR treatment, the therapist takes a thorough history of the client and develops a treatment plan. This phase will include a discussion of the specific problem that has brought him into therapy, his behaviors stemming from that problem, and his symptoms. With this information, the therapist will develop a treatment plan that defines the specific targets on which to use EMDR. These targets include the event(s) from the past that created the problem, the present situations that cause distress, and the key skills or behaviors the client needs to learn for his future well-being. One of the unusual features of EMDR is that the person seeking treatment does not have to discuss any of his disturbing memories in detail.

Phase 2: Preparation

For most clients this will take only 1-3 sessions. For others, with a very traumatic background, or with certain diagnoses, a longer time may be necessary to create a sense of safety. Basically, your clinician will teach you some specific techniques so you can rapidly deal with any emotional disturbance that may arise. If you can do that, you are generally able to proceed to the next phase. One of the primary goals of the preparation phase is to establish a relationship of trust between the client and the therapist.  During the Preparation Phase, the clinician will explain the theory of EMDR, how it is done, and what the person can expect during and after treatment. Finally, the clinician will teach the client a variety of relaxation techniques for calming himself/herself in the face of any emotional disturbance that may arise during or after a session. Learning these tools is important for everyone and especially and EMDR client. One goal of EMDR therapy is to make sure that the client learns self care, self soothing techniques and relaxation.

Phase 3: Assessment

Used to access each target in a controlled and standardized way so it can be effectively processed. Processing does not mean talking about it.  The therapist identifies the aspects of the target to be processed. The first step is for the person to select a specific picture or scene from the target event (which was identified during Phase One) that best represents the memory. Then the client chooses a statement that expresses a negative self-belief associated with the event. Even if he intellectually knows that the statement is false. These negative beliefs are actually verbalizations of the disturbing emotions that still exist. Common negative cognitions are “I am helpless,” ” I am worthless,” ” I am unlovable,” ” I am dirty,” ” I am bad,” etc. The client then picks a positive self-statement that he would rather believe. This statement should incorporate an internal sense of control such as “I am worthwhile/ lovable/ a good person/ in control” or “I can succeed.” “I am in danger” can be considered a negative cognition, because the fear is inappropriate – it is locked in the nervous system, but the danger is actually past. The client will then be asked to rate the cognitions as well as identify any body sensations associated with these cognitions.

Reprocessing

For a single trauma reprocessing is generally accomplished within 3 sessions. If it takes longer, you should see some improvement within that amount of time.  Phases One through Three lay the groundwork for the comprehensive treatment and reprocessing of the specific targeted events. Although the eye movements (or taps, or tones) are used during the following three phases, they are only one component of a complex therapy. The use of the step-by-step eight-phase approach allows the experienced, trained EMDR clinician to maximize the treatment effects for the client in a logical and standardized fashion. It also allows both the client and the clinician to monitor the progress during every treatment session.

Phase 4: Desensitization

This phase focuses on the client’s disturbing emotions and sensations as they are measured by the SUDs rating. This phase deals with all of the person’s responses (including other memories, insights and associations that may arise) as the targeted event changes and its disturbing elements are resolved. This phase gives the opportunity to identify and resolve similar events that may have occurred and are associated with the target. During desensitization, the therapist leads the person in sets of eye movement (or other forms of stimulation) with appropriate shifts and changes of focus until his SUD-scale levels are reduced to zero (or 1 or 2 if this is more appropriate). Starting with the main target, the different associations to the memory are followed. For instance, a person may start with a horrific event and soon have other associations to it. The clinician will guide the client to a complete resolution of the target. Examples of sessions and a three-session transcript of a complete treatment can be found in F. Shapiro & M.S. Forrest (2004) EMDR. New York: Basic Books.

Phase 5: Installation

The goal is to concentrate on and increase the strength of the positive belief that the person has identified to replace his original negative belief. For example, the client might begin with a mental image of being beaten up by his father and a negative belief of “I am powerless.” During the Desensitization Phase he will have reprocessed the terror of that childhood event and fully realized that as an adult he now has strength and choices he didn’t have when he was young. During this fifth phase of treatment, his positive cognition, “I am now in control,” will be strengthened and installed. How deeply the person believes his positive cognition is then measured using the Validity of Cognition (VOC) scale. The goal is for the person to accept the full truth of his positive self-statement at a level of 7 (completely true). Fortunately, just as EMDR cannot make anyone shed appropriate negative feelings, it cannot make the person believe anything positive that is not appropriate either. So if the person is aware that he actually needs to learn some new skill, such as self-defense training, in order to be truly in control of the situation, the validity of his positive belief will rise only to the corresponding level, such as a 5 or 6 on the VOC scale.

Phase 6: Body scan

After the positive cognition has been strengthened and installed, the therapist will ask the person to bring the original target event to mind and see if he notices any residual tension in his body. If so, these physical sensations are then targeted for reprocessing. Evaluations of thousands of EMDR sessions indicate that there is a physical response to unresolved thoughts. This finding has been supported by independent studies of memory indicating that when a person is negatively affected by trauma, information about the traumatic event is stored in motoric (or body systems) memory, rather than narrative memory, and retains the negative emotions and physical sensations of the original event. When that information is processed, however, it can then move to narrative (or verbalizable) memory and the body sensations and negative feelings associated with it disappear. Therefore, an EMDR session is not considered successful until the client can bring up the original target without feeling any body tension. Positive self-beliefs are important, but they have to be believed on more than just an intellectual level.

Phase 7: Closure

Ends every treatment session The Closure ensures that the person leaves at the end of each session feeling better than at the beginning. If the processing of the traumatic target event is not complete in a single session, the therapist will assist the person in using a variety of self-calming techniques in order to regain a sense of equilibrium. Throughout the EMDR session, the client has been in control (for instance, he is instructed that it is okay to raise his hand in the “stop” gesture at anytime) and it is important that the client continue to feel in control outside the therapist’s office. He is also briefed on what to expect between sessions (some processing may continue, some new material may arise), how to use a journal to record these experiences, and which techniques he might use on his own to help him feel more calm.

Phase 8: Reevaluation

Opens every new session At the beginning of subsequent sessions, the therapist checks to make sure that the positive results (low SUDs, high VOC, no body tension) have been maintained, identifies any new areas that need treatment, and continues reprocessing the additional targets. The Reevaluation Phase guides the clinician through the treatment plans that are needed in order to deal with the client? s problems. As with any form of good therapy, the Reevaluation Phase is vital in order to determine the success of the treatment over time. Although clients may feel relief almost immediately with EMDR, it is as important to complete the eight phases of treatment.

PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Although EMDR may produce results more rapidly than previous forms of therapy, speed is not the issue and it is important to remember that every client has different needs. For instance, one client may take weeks to establish sufficient feelings of trust (Phase Two), while another may proceed quickly through the first six phases of treatment only to reveal, then, something even more important that needs treatment. Also, treatment is not complete until EMDR therapy has focused on the past memories that are contributing to the problem, the present situations that are disturbing, and what skills the client may need for the future. Excerpts from: F. Shapiro & M.S. Forrest (2004) EMDR: The Breakthrough Therapy for Anxiety, Stress and Trauma. New York: BasicBooks.

Books about EMDR therapy – found at Amazon.com

Calm and Confident:  Overcome Stress and Anxiety With EMDR - Mark Grant. Two guided visualizations, soothing music, and EMDR combine to help listeners relax and feel more confident about dealing with stress and anxiety-producing situations. A instruction booklet included.

EMDR: The Breakthrough Therapy for Overcoming Anxiety, Stress, and Trauma -Francine Shapiro, & Margot Silk-Forrest. EMDR explained and includes many case histories.

EMDR: Transforming Trauma - Laurel Parnell. Basic EMDR information for the general public as well as psychotherapists. Dr.Parnell writes from a transpersonal perspective about her experiences with EMDR.

Small Wonders: Healing Childhood Trauma with EMDR - Joan Lovett, M.D. Collection of stories about children, adolescents and adults who have puzzling symtoms and anxiety. It offers therapists who treat children and do inner child work, a unique look at the EMDR process and valuable clinical histories. EMDR information is explained in a easily understandable way for clients. She is adept at integrating EMDR into multidimensional therapeutic contexts.

Helpful Books for EMDR Clinicians:

Finding the Energy to Heal: How EMDR, Hypnosis, TFT, Imagery, and Body-Focused Therapy Can Help Resolve Health Problems - Maggie Phillips. An excellent book for EMDR practitioners. The author explains concepts like positive image installation, positive target image, conflict free image, resource interweave, ego state therapy during EMDR without hypnosis, renurturing interweaves, developmental learning interweaves, concepts and procedures related to the safe place and safe place image, temporal resource interweaves, and many concepts and resources that can be useful to the EMDR clinician.

EMDR in the Treatment of Adults Abused as Children - Laurel Parnell, Ph.D

A Therapist’s Guide to EMDR:  Tools and Techniques for Successful Treatment.  Laurel Parnell, PhD.

EMDR and Psychotherapy Integration: Theoretical and Clinical Suggestions With Focus on Traumatic Stress - Lipke, H.  Lipke integrates EMDR practice with behavioral, dynamic, and humanistic psychotherapy.

EMDR Solutions:  Pathways to Healing.  Robin Shapiro

EMDr Solutions II:  For Depression, Eating Disorders, Performance, and More.  Robin Shapiro

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures - Francine Shapiro. Theoretical conceptualization of EMDR is outlined by Dr. Shapiro. Most of the information presented at the Level I and II EMDR trainings.

Eye Movement Desenitization Reprocessing EMDR) in Child and Adolescent Therapy - Ricky A. Greenwald, PsyD.

Extending EMDR: A Casebook of Innovative Applications - Philip Mansfield.

Healing the Divided Self: Clinical and Ericksonian Hypnotherapy for Post-Traumatic and Dissociative Conditions - Maggie Phillips & Claire Frederick. This book doesn’t discuss EMDR, specifically but it does discusses Ego State Therapy as well as dissociation, hypnosis, and other relevant topics to EMDR Therapists.

Pain Control With EMDR - Mark Grant. Designed to minimize all kinds of pain, including chronic, postoperative, and migraine, the cassette and booklet contain two visualizations of pain-relieving imagery.(audio cassette)

Trauma in the Lives of Children: Crisis and Stress Management Techniques for Teachers, Counselors, and Student Service Professionals - Kendall Johnson. This book is for the professionals who treat children and adolescents. The second edition includes information about the advances in the understanding of memory and Post-traumatic stress in children. Includes a chapter on EMDR therapy.

Transforming Trauma: EMDR: The Revolutionary New Therapy for Freeing the Mind, Clearing the Body, and Opening the Heart - Laurel Parnell, Ph.D.  Dr. Parnell takes the reader into her own experience as a EMDR therapist and her clients abuse histories sharing how tramatic events frozen in time are released by using EMDR method.

Through the Eyes of a Child: EMDR with Children - Robert H. Tinker, Sandy A. Wilson, Robbie Dutton, Sandra D. Wilson.  This books shows how EMDR can be sucessfully applied to helping children over come childhood trauma. The EMDR protocal is modified so it can be applied to children as young as two years old. There are many case examples including, phobias, auto accidents, breavement, ADHD, anxiety, depression and reactive attachment disorders and eating disorders.

Neurobiology & Attachment Books

Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development - Allan N. Schore

The Developing Mind: Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience - Daniel Siegel

Skills Training Manual for Treating Borderline Personality Disorder - Marsha M. Linehan. DBT solutions and support for psychotherapists working with clients diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder

Additional Books Written by EMDR Clinicians

Getting Through the Day: Stratagies for Adults Hurt As Children - Nancy J. Napier.